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Threat Image Projection (TIP) is a technique used in X-ray security baggagescreening systems that superimposes a threat object signature onto a benignX-ray baggage image in a plausible and realistic manner. It has been shown tobe highly effective in evaluating the ongoing performance of human operators,improving their vigilance and performance on threat detection. However, withthe increasing use of 3D Computed Tomography (CT) in aviation security for bothhold and cabin baggage screening a significant challenge arises in extendingTIP to 3D CT volumes due to the difficulty in 3D CT volume segmentation and theproper insertion location determination. In this paper, we present an approachfor 3D TIP in CT volumes targeting realistic and plausible threat objectinsertion within 3D CT baggage images. The proposed approach consists of dualthreat (source) and baggage (target) volume segmentation, particle swarmoptimisation based insertion determination and metal artefact generation. Inaddition, we propose a TIP quality score metric to evaluate the quality ofgenerated TIP volumes. Qualitative evaluations on real 3D CT baggage imageryshow that our approach is able to generate realistic and plausible TIP whichare indiscernible from real CT volumes and the TIP quality scores areconsistent with human evaluations.

A Reference Architecture for Plausible Threat Image Projection (TIP) Within 3D X-ray Computed Tomography Volumes