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Two elements of neural information processing have primarily been proposed:firing rate and spike timing of neurons. In the case of synaptic plasticity,although spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) depending on presynaptic andpostsynaptic spike times had been considered the most common rule, recentstudies have shown the inhibitory nature of the brain in vivo for precise spiketiming, which is key to the STDP. Thus, the importance of the firing frequencyin synaptic plasticity in vivo has been recognized again. However, little isunderstood about how the frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity (FDP) isregulated in vivo. Here, we focused on the presynaptic input pattern, theintracellular calcium decay time constants, and the background synapticactivity, which vary depending on neuron types and the anatomical andphysiological environment in the brain. By analyzing a calcium-based model, wefound that the synaptic weight differs depending on these factorscharacteristic in vivo, even if neurons receive the same input rate. Thisfinding suggests the involvement of multifaceted factors other than inputfrequency in FDP and even neural coding in vivo.

Multicoding in neural information transfer suggested by mathematical analysis of the frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity in vivo