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Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is a type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologythat builds parts in a layer-by-layer fashion out of a bed of metal powder viathe selective melting action of a laser or electron beam heat source. Thetechnology has become widespread, however the demand is growing for closed loopprocess monitoring and control in PBF systems to replace the open looparchitectures that exist today. Controls-based models have potential to satisfythis demand by utilizing computationally tractable, simplified models whilealso decreasing the error associated with these models. This paper introduces acontrols theoretic analysis of the PBF process, demonstrating models of PBFthat are asymptotically stable, stabilizable, and detectable. We show thatlinear models of PBF are structurally controllable and structurally observable,provided that any portion of the build is exposed to the energy source andmeasurement, we provide conditions for which time-invariant PBF models areclassically controllable/observable, and we demonstrate energy requirements forperforming state estimation and control for time-invariant systems. This papertherefore presents the foundation for an effective means of realizing closedloop PBF quality control.

Temperature states in Powder Bed Fusion additive manufacturing are structurally controllable and observable