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The abstract mathematical rules of artificial neural network (ANN) areimplemented through computation using electronic computers, photonics andin-vitro DNA computation. Here we demonstrate the physical realization of ANNin living bacterial cells. We created a single layer ANN using engineeredbacteria, where a single bacterium works as an artificial neuron anddemonstrated a 2-to-4 decoder and a 1-to-2 de-multiplexer for processingchemical signals. The inputs were extracellular chemical signals, whichlinearly combined and got processed through a non-linear log-sigmoid activationfunction to produce fluorescent protein outputs. The activation function wasgenerated by synthetic genetic circuits, and for each artificial neuron, theweight and bias values were adjusted manually by engineering the molecularinteractions within the bacterial neuron to represent a specific logicalfunction. The artificial bacterial neurons were connected as ANN architecturesto implement a 2-to-4 chemical decoder and a 1-to-2 chemical de-multiplexer. Toour knowledge, this is the first ANN created by artificial bacterial neurons.Thus, it may open up a new direction in ANN research, where engineeredbiological cells can be used as ANN enabled hardware.

A single layer artificial neural network with engineered bacteria