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Bone adapts in response to its mechanical environment. This evolution of bonedensity is one of the most important mechanisms for developing fractureresistance. A finite element framework for simulating bone adaptation, commonlycalled bone remodelling, is presented. This is followed by a novel method toboth quantify fracture resistance and to simulate fracture propagation. Theauthors' previous work on the application of configurational mechanics formodelling fracture is extended to include the influence of heterogeneous bonedensity distribution. The main advantage of this approach is thatconfigurational forces, and fracture energy release rate, are expressedexclusively in terms of nodal quantities. This approach avoids the need forpost-processing and enables a fully implicit formulation for modelling theevolving crack front. In this paper density fields are generated from both (a)bone adaptation analysis and (b) subject-specific geometry and materialproperties obtained from CT scans. It is shown that, in order to correctlyevaluate the configurational forces at the crack front, it is necessary to havea spatially smooth density field with higher regularity than if the field isdirectly approximated on the finite element mesh. Therefore, discrete densitydata is approximated as a smooth density field using a Moving Weighted LeastSquares method. Performance of the framework is demonstrated using numericalsimulations for bone adaptation and subsequent crack propagation, includingconsideration of an equine 3rd metacarpal bone. The degree of bone adaption isshown to influence both fracture resistance and the resulting crack path.

Numerical investigation into fracture resistance of bone following adaptation