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There is growing concern over the potential misuse of artificial intelligence(AI) research. Publishing scientific research can facilitate misuse of thetechnology, but the research can also contribute to protections against misuse.This paper addresses the balance between these two effects. Our theoreticalframework elucidates the factors governing whether the published research willbe more useful for attackers or defenders, such as the possibility for adequatedefensive measures, or the independent discovery of the knowledge outside ofthe scientific community. The balance will vary across scientific fields.However, we show that the existing conversation within AI has imported conceptsand conclusions from prior debates within computer security over the disclosureof software vulnerabilities. While disclosure of software vulnerabilities oftenfavours defence, this cannot be assumed for AI research. The AI researchcommunity should consider concepts and policies from a broad set of adjacentfields, and ultimately needs to craft policy well-suited to its particularchallenges.

The Offense-Defense Balance of Scientific Knowledge: Does Publishing AI Research Reduce Misuse?