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Android has been the most popular smartphone system with multiple platformversions active in the market. To manage the application's compatibility withone or more platform versions, Android allows apps to declare the supportedplatform SDK versions in their manifest files. In this paper, we conduct asystematic study of this modern software mechanism. Our objective is to measurethe current practice of declared SDK versions (which we term as DSDK versionsafterwards) in real apps, and the (in)consistency between DSDK versions andtheir host apps' API calls. To successfully analyze a modern dataset of 22,687popular apps (with an average app size of 25MB), we design a scalable approachthat operates on the Android bytecode level and employs a lightweight bytecodesearch for app analysis. This approach achieves a good performance suitable foronline vetting in app markets, requiring only around 5 seconds to process anapp on average. Besides shedding light on the characteristics of DSDK in thewild, our study quantitatively measures two side effects of inappropriate DSDKversions: (i) around 35% apps under-set the minimum DSDK versions and couldincur runtime crashes, but fortunately, only 11.3% apps could crash on Android6.0 and above; (ii) around 2% apps, due to under-claiming the targeted DSDKversions, are potentially exploitable by remote code execution, and half ofthem invoke the vulnerable API via embedded third-party libraries. Theseresults indicate the importance and difficulty of declaring correct DSDK, andour work can help developers fulfill this goal.

Scalable Online Vetting of Android Apps for Measuring Declared SDK Versions and Their Consistency with API Calls