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Metal nanoclusters (NCs), typically consisting of a few to tens of metalatoms, bridge the gap between organometallic compounds and crystalline metalnanoparticles. As their size approaches the Fermi wavelength of electrons,metal NCs exhibit discrete energy levels, which in turn results in theemergence of intriguing physical and chemical (or physicochemical) properties,especially strong fluorescence. In the past few decades, dramatic growth hasbeen witnessed in the development of different types of noble metal NCs (mainlyAuNCs and AgNCs). However, compared with noble metals, copper is a relativelyearth-abundant and cost-effective metal. Theoretical and experimental studieshave shown that copper NCs (CuNCs) possess unique catalytic andphotoluminescent properties. In this context, CuNCs are emerging as a new classof nontoxic, economic, and effective phosphors and catalysts, drawingsignificant interest across the life and medical sciences. To highlight theseachievements, this review begins by providing an overview of a multitude offactors that play central roles in the fluorescence of CuNCs. Additionally, acritical perspective of how the aggregation of CuNCs can efficiently improvethe florescent stability, tunability, and intensity is also discussed.Following, we present representative applications of CuNCs in detection andbioimaging. Finally, we outline current challenges and our perspective on thedevelopment of CuNCs.

Highly fluorescent copper nanoclusters for sensing and bioimaging