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Tidally locked terrestrial planets around low-mass stars are the primetargets for future atmospheric characterizations of potentially habitablesystems, especially the three nearby ones--Proxima b, TRAPPIST-1e, and LHS1140b. Previous studies suggest that if these planets have surface ocean theywould be in an eyeball-like climate state: ice-free in the vicinity of thesubstellar point and ice-covered in the rest regions. However, an importantcomponent of the climate system--sea ice dynamics has not been well studied inprevious studies. A fundamental question is: would the open ocean be stableagainst a globally ice-covered snowball state? Here we show that sea-ice driftcools the ocean's surface when the ice flows to the warmer substellar regionand melts through absorbing heat from the ocean and the overlying air. As aresult, the open ocean shrinks and can even disappear when atmosphericgreenhouse gases are not much more abundant than on Earth, turning the planetinto a snowball state. This occurs for both synchronous rotation and spin-orbitresonances (such as 3 to 2). These results suggest that sea-ice drift stronglyreduces the open ocean area and can significantly impact the habitability oftidally locked planets.

Transition from eyeball to snowball driven by sea-ice drift on tidally locked terrestrial planets