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With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables,distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for gridstabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution ofthis challenging task, we propose a distributed, model-based and unifyingcontroller for frequency and voltage regulation in AC microgrids, based onsteady-state optimal control. It not only unifies frequency and voltagecontrol, but also incorporates the classic hierarchy of primary, secondary andtertiary control layers with each closed-loop equilibrium being a minimizer ofa user-defined cost function. By considering the individual voltage limits asadditional constraints in the corresponding optimization problem, nosuperordinate specification of voltage setpoints is required. Since the dynamicmodel of the microgrid has a port-Hamiltonian structure, stability of theoverall system can be assessed using shifted passivity properties. Furthermore,we demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller and its robustness againstfluctuations in active and reactive power demand by means of numericalexamples.

Distributed Frequency and Voltage Control for AC Microgrids based on Primal-Dual Gradient Dynamics