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The past four years have seen a scientific revolution through the birth of anew field: gravitational-wave astronomy. The first detection of gravitationalwaves---recognised by the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics---provided unprecedentedtests of general relativity while unveiling a previously unknown class ofmassive black holes, thirty times more massive than the Sun. The subsequentdetection of gravitational waves from a merging binary neutron star confirmedthe hypothesised connection between binary neutron stars and short gamma-raybursts while providing an independent measurement of the expansion of theUniverse. The discovery enabled precision measurement of the speed of gravitywhile shedding light on the origin of heavy elements. At the time of writing,the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and its Europeanpartner, Virgo, have published the detection of eleven gravitational-waveevents. New, not-yet-published detections are announced on a nearly weeklybasis. This fast-growing catalogue of gravitational-wave transients is expectedto yield insights into a number of topics, from the equation of state of matterat supra-nuclear densities to the fate of massive stars. The science potentialof 3G observatories is enormous, enabling measurements of gravitational wavesfrom the edge of the Universe and precise determination of the neutron starequation of state. Australia is well-positioned to help develop the requiredtechnology. The Mid-term Review for the Decadal plan for Australian astronomy2016-2025 should consider investment in a scoping study for an AustralianGravitational-Wave Pathfinder that develops and validates core technologiesrequired for the global 3G detector network.

Ground-Based Gravitational-Wave Astronomy in Australia: 2019 White Paper