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Active and analog tuning of the phase of light is needed to boost theswitching performance of photonic devices. However, demonstrations of this typeof tuning in the pivotal visible spectral region are still scarce. Herein wereport active analog tuning of the phase of visible light reflected by abismuth-based metamaterial, enabled by a reversible solid-liquid transition.This metamaterial, fabricated by a lithography-free approach, consists oftwo-dimensional assemblies of polydisperse plasmonic bismuth nanostructuresembedded in a refractory and transparent aluminum oxide matrix. Analog tuningof the phase is achieved by controlled heating of the metamaterial to melt afraction of the nanostructures. A maximum tuning of 320 deg (1.8pi) is observedupon complete melting of the nanostructures at 230 degrees Celsius. This tuningis reversible by cooling to 25 degrees Celsius. In addition, it presents a widehysteretic character due to liquid bismuth undercooling. This enables the phaseachieved by this analog approach to remain stable over a broad temperaturerange upon cooling and until re-solidification occurs around 100 degreesCelsius. Therefore, bismuth-based metamaterials are appealing for applicationsincluding optical data storage with enhanced information density or bistablephotonic switching with a tunable "on" state.

Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials