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Ecosystems are governed by dynamic processes such as competition forresources, reproduction and dispersal. These shape their biodiversity and howthe system responds to change. Current approaches to modelling ecosystems,especially plants, focus on either describing fine-scale processes forindividual species or broad-scale patterns for limited groups of plantfunctional types.  Digitisation of herbarium and other plant records has unlocked a wealth ofinformation that can be used to drive models of plant communities and makepredictions for their future under different scenarios of climate change. Theadvent of increased computational capacity and fast, high level programminglanguages allows for simulation of such landscapes at unprecedented scales.  Here, we demonstrate a tool for Ecosystem Simulation through IntegratedSpecies Trait-Environment Modelling (EcoSISTEM), which models plant speciesacross multiple ecosystem sizes, from patches and small islands to regions andentire continents. These simulated ecosystems support the ability to generatemany different types of habitat, as well as reproducing different disturbancescenarios such as climate change, habitat loss and invasion. EcoSISTEM alsoreproduces examples of real-world species distributions by integrating plantoccurrence records and global climate reconstructions to simulate plant speciesthroughout the continent of Africa for the past century.  EcoSISTEM allows us to flexibly explore the dynamics of tens of thousands ofspecies interacting across a continent. The code parallelises efficientlyacross multiple nodes on high performance computing platforms, and has beenscaled up to run on over 1000 cores. It allows us to study the impact ofchanges to climate, resources and habitat and investigate real-life mechanismssurrounding climate change and biodiversity loss.

Dynamic virtual ecosystems as a tool for detecting large-scale responses of biodiversity to environmental and land-use change