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The nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic (IA) waves (IAWs) in a fourcomponent plasma medium (FCPM) containing inertial warm positive ions, andinertialess iso-thermal cold electrons as well as non-extensive($q$-distributed) hot electrons and positrons is theoretically investigated. Anonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation (NLSE) is derived by using the reductiveperturbation method, and it is observed that the FCPM under considerationsupports both modulationally stable and unstable parametric regimes which aredetermined by the sign of the dispersive and nonlinear coefficients of NLSE.The numerical analysis has shown that the maximum value of the growth ratedecreases with the increase in $q$ ($q>1$), and the modulationally unstableparametric regime allows to generate highly energetic IA rogue waves (IARWs),and the amplitude and width of the IARWs increase with an increase in the valueof hot electron number density while decrease with an increase in the value ofcold electron number density. The applications of our investigation inunderstanding the basic features of nonlinear electrostatic perturbations inmany space plasma environments and laboratory devices are briefly discussed.

Ion-acoustic rogue waves in a multi-component plasma medium