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Streaming 360{\deg} videos requires more bandwidth than non-360{\deg} videos.This is because current solutions assume that users perceive the quality of360{\deg} videos in the same way they perceive the quality of non-360{\deg}videos. This means the bandwidth demand must be proportional to the size of theuser's field of view. However, we found several qualitydetermining factorsunique to 360{\deg}videos, which can help reduce the bandwidth demand. Theyinclude the moving speed of a user's viewpoint (center of the user's field ofview), the recent change of video luminance, and the difference indepth-of-fields of visual objects around the viewpoint. This paper presentsPano, a 360{\deg} video streaming system that leverages the 360{\deg}video-specific factors. We make three contributions. (1) We build a new qualitymodel for 360{\deg} videos that captures the impact of the 360{\deg}video-specific factors. (2) Pano proposes a variable-sized tiling scheme inorder to strike a balance between the perceived quality and video encodingefficiency. (3) Pano proposes a new qualityadaptation logic that maximizes360{\deg} video user-perceived quality and is readily deployable. Ourevaluation (based on user study and trace analysis) shows that compared withstate-of-the-art techniques, Pano can save 41-46% bandwidth without any drop inthe perceived quality, or it can raise the perceived quality (user rating) by25%-142% without using more bandwidth.

Pano: Optimizing 360{\deg} Video Streaming with a Better Understanding of Quality Perception