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Terahertz spectral range (frequencies of 0.1-1 THz) has recently emerged asthe next frontier for non-destructive imaging, industrial sensing andultra-fast wireless communications. Here, we review several classes ofmaterials such as simple metals, semiconductors, high-k dielectrics, polarmaterials, zero gap materials, as well as structured materials that can supportstrongly localised electromagnetic modes at material interfaces in theTerahertz spectral range. We present the basic theory of surface waves, detailthe requirement of strong modal confinement and low loss for the surface wavespropagating at material interfaces and discuss challenges for excitation ofsuch modes at Terahertz frequencies. A large number of examples related tonaturally occurring and artificial materials is then presented. A variety ofpractical applications is envisioned for surface waves at Terahertz frequenciesincluding non-destructive super-resolution imaging and quality control, highsensitivity sensors capable of operation with small volumes of analytes thatare opaque in the visible and near-infrared, as well as design of compactoptical circuit for the upcoming ultra-high bitrate THz communication devices.

Enabling materials for subwavelength-size low-loss surface modes in the Terahertz spectral range