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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have drastically gained popularity in variousIntelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications to improve the safety andefficiency of transportation systems. In this context, the combination ofground vehicles, such as delivery trucks, with drones to assist in the lastmile pick-up and delivery of the parcels has been recently proposed. Whileaerial vehicles promise increased efficiency based on flexible routes andparallelized operation, highly reliable wireless communication is also requiredfor the control and coordination of potentially many drones acting in aself-organized way. In this paper, we analyze the improvements procured bydrone usage in parcel delivery compared to traditional delivery and propose asimulation framework to further quantify the efficiency gains of the parceldelivery logistics and to analyze the performance of different wirelesscommunications options. To this end, we consider a heterogeneous vehiclerouting problem with various constraints. We consider two approaches regardingthe dispatching and recovery of drones and evaluate their benefits as opposedto parcel delivery with a classic truck only. Furthermore, we compare twonetworking technologies for enabling coordination of the self-organizing teamsof drones with a realistically modeled environment: one approach relying onbase station oriented Long Term Evolution (LTE) vs. a more decentralizedCellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) solution. The results show time savingsof nearly 40% can be achieved through drone usage and that the negative impactof urban shadowing on network communications in the base station oriented LTEapproach can be compensated by leveraging decentralized C-V2X communications

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Logistics: Efficiency Gains and Communication Performance of Hybrid Combinations of Ground and Aerial Vehicles