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Oxygen incorporation has been reported to increase the current-inducedspin-orbit torque in ferromagnetic heterostructures, but the underlyingmechanism is still under active debate. Here, we report on an in-situ study ofthe oxygen exposure effect on spin-orbit torque in Pt/Co bilayers viacontrolled oxygen exposure, Co and Mg deposition, and electrical measurementsin ultrahigh vacuum. We show that the oxygen exposure on Pt/Co indeed leads toan increase of spin-orbit torque, but the enhancement is not as large as thosereported previously. Similar enhancement of spin-orbit torque is also observedafter the deposition of an MgO capping layer. The results of ab initiocalculations on the Rashba splitting of Pt/Co and Pt/Co/O suggest that theenhancement is due to enhanced Rashba-Edelstein effect by surface-adsorbedoxygen. Our findings shed some light on the varying roles of oxygen inmodifying the spin torque efficiency reported previously.

In-situ study of oxygen exposure effect on spin-orbit torque in Pt/Co bilayers in ultrahigh vacuum