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Web servers are a popular target for adversaries as they are publiclyaccessible and often vulnerable to compromise. Compromises can go unnoticed formonths, if not years, and recovery often involves a complete system rebuild. Inthis paper, we propose n-m-Variant Systems, an adversarial-resistant softwarerejuvenation framework for cloud-based web applications. We improve thestate-of-the-art by introducing a variable m that provides a knob foradministrators to tune an environment to balance resource usage, performanceoverhead, and security guarantees. Using m, security guarantees can be tunedfor seconds, minutes, days, or complete resistance. We design and implement ann-m-Variant System prototype to protect a Mediawiki PHP application servingdynamic content from an external SQL persistent storage. Our performanceevaluation shows a throughput reduction of 65% for 108 seconds of resistanceand 83% for 12 days of resistance to sophisticated adversaries, givenappropriate resource allocation. Furthermore, we use theoretical analysis andsimulation to characterize the impact of system parameters on resilience toadversaries. Through these efforts, our work demonstrates how properties ofcloud-based servers can enhance the integrity of Web servers.

n-m-Variant Systems: Adversarial-Resistant Software Rejuvenation for Cloud-Based Web Applications