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Data acquisition is changing to incorporate more components of the recordedwavefield. An example of this is so-called vector data in which both thepressure and particle velocity are recorded in marine data. We present a vectoracoustic full waveform inversion (VAFWI) method. We demonstrate the connectionof the VAFWI adjoint operator with inverse wavefield extrapolation and showthat under the assumption of a plane wave propagating towards an infinite flatrecording surface at normal incidence, the VAFWI adjoint is equivalent toinverse extrapolation of the normal derivative of the recorded field. Thus,unlike the conventional FWI adjoint, the VAFWI adjoint is an inverse wavefieldextrapolation operator. If these assumptions are violated, this equivalencerelation is no longer true and becomes an approximation. We argue that this hasimplications in the handling of receiver ghosts by the two inversion methods:in the VAFWI adjoint, the receiver ghosts interact constructively with theback-propagated reflected field. We show numerically that the de-aliasingproperty of vector data extends to VAFWI, which results in fewer artefacts inVAFWI images compared to conventional FWI when data are spatially undersampledand aliased. Additional information about the subsurface contained in properlyhandled receiver ghosts can be utilized to achieve further VAFWI imageimprovement.

Vector acoustic full waveform inversion: taking advantage of de-aliasing and receiver ghosts