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Capillary invasion of a liquid into an empty tube, which is called capillaryrise when the tube axis is in the vertical direction, is one of the fundamentalphenomena representing capillary effects. Usually, the tube is actually filledwith another pre-existing fluid, air, whose viscosity and inertia can bepractically neglected. In this study, we considered the effect of thepre-existing fluid, when its viscosity is non-negligible, in a horizontallygeometry. This geometry is free from gravity and thus simpler than the geometryof capillary rise. We observed the dynamics when a capillary tube that issubmerged horizontally in a liquid gets in contact with a second liquid. Anappropriate combination of liquids allowed us to observe that the second liquidreplaces the first without any prewetting process, thanks to a careful cleaningof capillary tubes. Furthermore, we experimentally observed three distinctviscous dynamics: (i) the conventional slowing-down dynamics, (ii) an unusualaccelerating dynamics, and (iii) another unusual dynamics, which is linear intime. We developed a theory in viscous regimes, which accounts well for theobservations through a unified expression describing the three distinctdynamics. We also demonstrated a thorough experimental confirmation on theinitial velocity of the replacement. We further focused on the replacementtime, the time required for the invading fluid to replaces completely thepre-existing fluid in the horizontal geometry, which is again well explained bythe theory.

Liquid-liquid capillary replacement in a horizontal geometry: universal dynamics and replacement time