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This study focuses on enhancing the electrical and thermoelectric propertiesof tungsten trioxide (WO$_3$) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique.Three samples, namely A$_1$, A$_2$, and A$_3$, were prepared by depositing thefilms onto glass substrates at different deposition rates: R$_1=1$ mL/min,R$_2=3$ mL/min, and R$_3=7$ mL/min, respectively. Subsequently, the filmsunderwent annealing at 500 $^\circ$C for 2 hours in air. A detailedinvestigation was conducted to analyze the structural, morphological, optical,and electrical properties of the $\mathrm{WO}_3$ thin films. The FE-SEM imagesrevealed the formation of circular strings with varying diameters for alllayers. The diameter of each string decreased as the deposition rate increased.XRD structural analysis indicated that, before annealing, sample R$_1$exhibited a polycrystalline nature with mixed tetragonal-hexagonal phases,while the other two samples were amorphous. After annealing, sample A$_3$ alsobecame polycrystalline. Moreover, the UV-Vis spectra analysis demonstrated amonotonic decrease in the band gap of the layers with increasing spray rate,potentially attributed to the attenuation of the quantum confinement effect.The Seebeck effect was used to authenticate the $n$-type conductivity of theWO$_3$ layers, as the Seebeck effect and conductivity exhibited a directconnection. Furthermore, the current-voltage variation was found to align withthe oxygen vacancies sites. Remarkably, the sample A$_3$ with the highestdeposition rate exhibited the lowest resistivity.

Enhancing Electrical Properties and Seebeck Effects of WO$_3$ Thin Films Using Spray Pyrolysis: Insights into the Conductivity and Carrier Type