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There is a growing interest in serverless compute, a cloud computing modelthat automates infrastructure resource-allocation and management while billingcustomers only for the resources they use. Workloads like stream processingbenefit from high elasticity and fine-grain pricing of these serverlessframeworks. However, so far, limited concurrency and high latency of serverCPUs prohibit many interactive workloads (e.g., web servers and databaseclients) from taking advantage of serverless compute to achieve highperformance.  In this paper, we argue that server CPUs are ill-suited to run serverlessworkloads (i.e., lambdas) and present $\lambda$-NIC, an open-source framework,that runs interactive workloads directly on a SmartNIC; more specifically anASIC-based NIC that consists of a dense grid of Network Processing Unit (NPU)cores. $\lambda$-NIC leverages SmartNIC's proximity to the network and a vastarray of NPU cores to simultaneously run thousands of lambdas on a single NICwith strict tail-latency guarantees. To ease development and deployment oflambdas, $\lambda$-NIC exposes an event-based programming abstraction,Match+Lambda, and a machine model that allows developers to compose and executelambdas on SmartNICs easily. Our evaluation shows that $\lambda$-NIC achievesup to 880x and 736x improvements in workloads' response latency and throughput,respectively, while significantly reducing host CPU and memory usage.

$\lambda$-NIC: Interactive Serverless Compute on Programmable SmartNICs