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We develop a model of electoral accountability with mainstream andalternative media. In addition to regular high- and low-competence types, theincumbent may be an aspiring autocrat who controls the mainstream media andwill subvert democracy if retained in office. A truthful alternative media canhelp voters identify and remove these subversive types while re-electingcompetent leaders. A malicious alternative media, in contrast, spreads falseaccusations about the incumbent and demotivates policy effort. If thealternative media is very likely be malicious and hence is unreliable, votersignore it and use only the mainstream media to hold regular incumbentsaccountable, leaving aspiring autocrats to win re-election via propaganda thatportrays them as effective policymakers. When the alternative media'sreliability is intermediate, voters heed its warnings about subversiveincumbents, but the prospect of being falsely accused demotivates effort byregular incumbents and electoral accountability breaks down.

Propaganda, Alternative Media, and Accountability in Fragile Democracies