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The various mathematical models developed in the past to interpret thebehavior of natural and manmade materials were based on observations andexperiments made at that time. Classical laws (such as Newton's for gravity,Hooke's for elasticity, Navier-Stokes for fluidity, Fick's/Fourier's fordiffusion/heat transfer, Coulomb's for electricity, as well as Maxwell's forelectromagnetism and Einstein's for relativity) formed the basis of currenttechnology and shaping of our civilization. The discovery of new phenomena withthe aid of recently developed experimental probes have led to variousmodifications of these laws across disciplines and the scale spectrum: fromsubatomic and elementary particle physics to cosmology and from atomistic andnano/micro to macro/giga scales. The emergence of nanotechnology and thefurther advancement of space technology are ultimately connected with thedesign of novel tools for observation and measurements, as well as thedevelopment of new methods and approaches for quantification and understanding.The paper first reviews the author's previously developed weakly nonlocal orgradient models for elasticity, diffusion and plasticity within a unifyinginternal length gradient (ILG) framework. It then proposes a similar extensionfor fluids and Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. Finally, it ventures agradient modification of Newton's law of gravity and examines its implicationsto some problems of elementary particle physics, also relevant to cosmology.Along similar lines, it suggests an analogous extension of London's quantummechanical potential to include both an "attractive" and a "repulsive" branch.It concludes with some comments on a fractional generalization of the ILGframework.

Gradient Extension of Classical Material Models From Nuclear & Condensed Matter Scales to Earth & Cosmological Scales