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Carbon-14 ($^{14}$C) is produced in the atmosphere when neutrons fromcosmic-ray air showers are captured by $^{14}$N nuclei. Atmospheric $^{14}$Cbecomes trapped in air bubbles in polar ice as compacted snow (firn) transformsinto ice. $^{14}$C is also produced in situ in ice grains by penetratingcosmic-ray neutrons and muons. Recent ice core measurements indicate that inthe $^{14}$CO phase, the $^{14}$C is dominated by the in situ cosmogeniccomponent at most ice coring sites. Thus, it should be possible to useice-bound $^{14}$CO to reconstruct the historical flux of cosmic rays at Earth,without the transport and deposition uncertainties associated with $^{10}$Be orthe carbon cycle uncertainties affecting atmospheric $^{14}$CO$_2$. Themeasurements will be sensitive to the cosmic-ray flux above the energy rangemost affected by solar modulation. We present estimates of the expectedsensitivity of $^{14}$CO in ice cores to the historical flux of Galactic cosmicrays, based on recent studies of $^{14}$CO in polar ice.

Obtaining a History of the Flux of Cosmic Rays using In Situ Cosmogenic $^{14}$C Trapped in Polar Ice