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Although increased automation has made it easier to control aircraft,ensuring a safe interaction between the pilots and the autopilots is still achallenging problem, especially in the presence of severe anomalies. Currentapproach consists of autopilot solutions that disengage themselves when theybecome ineffective. This may cause reengagement of the pilot at the worstpossible time, which can result in undesired consequences. In this paper, aseries of research studies that propose pilot-autopilot interaction schemesbased on the Capacity for Maneuver (CfM) concept, are covered. CfM refers tothe remaining capacity of the actuators that can be used for bringing theaircraft to safety. It is demonstrated that CfM-based pilot-autopilotinteraction schemes, or Shared Control Architectures (SCA), can be promisingalternatives to the existing schemes. Two SCAs are tested in the experiments.In SCA1, the pilot takes over the control from the autopilot using themonitored CfM information. In SCA2, the pilot takes on the role of a supervisorhelping the autopilot whenever a need arises, based on the CfM information.Whenever the aircraft experiences a severe anomaly, the pilot assesses thesituation based on his/her CfM monitoring and intervenes by providing twocontrol system parameter estimates to the autopilot. This increases theeffectiveness of the autopilot. Using human-in-the-loop simulations, it isshown that CfM based interactions provides smaller tracking errors and largeroverall CfM. The subjects including a commercial airline pilot and severaluniversity students are trained using a systematic procedure. Creation of newcyber physical & human systems is inevitable along with deeper engagement withthe social science community so as to get better insight into human decisionmaking. The results reported here should be viewed as a first of several stepsin this research direction.

Shared Control Between Pilots and Autopilots: Illustration of a Cyber-Physical Human System