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The internationalized domain name (IDN) is a mechanism that enables us to useUnicode characters in domain names. The set of Unicode characters containsseveral pairs of characters that are visually identical with each other; e.g.,the Latin character 'a' (U+0061) and Cyrillic character 'a' (U+0430). Visuallyidentical characters such as these are generally known as homoglyphs. IDNhomograph attacks, which are widely known, abuse Unicode homoglyphs to createlookalike URLs. Although the threat posed by IDN homograph attacks is not new,the recent rise of IDN adoption in both domain name registries and web browsershas resulted in the threat of these attacks becoming increasingly widespread,leading to large-scale phishing attacks such as those targeting cryptocurrencyexchange companies. In this work, we developed a framework named "ShamFinder,"which is an automated scheme to detect IDN homographs. Our key contribution isthe automatic construction of a homoglyph database, which can be used fordirect countermeasures against the attack and to inform users about the contextof an IDN homograph. Using the ShamFinder framework, we perform a large-scalemeasurement study that aims to understand the IDN homographs that exist in thewild. On the basis of our approach, we provide insights into an effectivecounter-measure against the threats caused by the IDN homograph attack.

ShamFinder: An Automated Framework for Detecting IDN Homographs