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Low-frequency high-voltage alternating-current (LF-HVac) transmission schemehas been recently proposed as an alternative solution to conventional 50/60-HzHVac and high-voltage direct-current (HVdc) schemes for bulk power transfer.This paper proposes an optimal planning and operation for loss minimization ina multi-frequency HVac transmission system. In such a system, conventional HVacand LF-HVac grids are interconnected using back-to-back (BTB) converters. Thedependence of system MW losses on converter dispatch as well as the operatingvoltage and frequency in the LF-HVac is discussed and compared with that ofHVdc transmission. Based on the results of the loss analysis, multi-objectiveoptimization formulations for both planning and operation stages are proposed.The planning phase decides a suitable voltage level for the LF-HVac grid, whilethe operation phase determines the optimal operating frequency and powerdispatch of BTB converters, generators, and shunt capacitors. A solutionapproach that effectively handles the variations of transmission lineparameters with the rated voltage and operating frequency in the LF-HVac gridis proposed. The proposed solutions of the planning and operation stages areevaluated using a multi-frequency HVac system. The results show a significantloss reduction and improved voltage regulation during a 24-hour simulation.

Optimal Planning and Operation of Multi-Frequency HVac Transmission Systems