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The production process of integrated electronic circuitry inherently leads tolarge heterogeneities on the component level. For electronic clock networksthis implies detuned intrinsic frequencies and differences in coupling strengthand the characteristic time-delays associated with signal transmission,processing and feedback. Using a phase-model description, we study the effectsof such component heterogeneity on the dynamical properties of synchronizationin networks of mutually delay-coupled Kuramoto oscillators. We test the theoryagainst experimental results and circuit-level simulations in a prototypesystem of mutually delay-coupled electronic clocks, so called phase-lockedloops. Contrary to the hindering effects of component heterogeneity for thesynchronization in hierarchical networks, we show that clock heterogeneitiescan enhance self-organized synchronization in networks with flat hierarchy.That means that beyond the optimizations that can be achieved by tuninghomogeneous coupling strengths, time-delays and loop-filter cut-offfrequencies, heterogeneities in these system parameters enable much betteroptimization of perturbation decay rates, the stabilization of synchronousstates and the tuning of phase-differences between the clocks. Our theoryenables the design of custom-fit synchronization layers according to thespecific requirements and properties of electronic systems, such as operationalfrequencies, phase-relations and e.g. transmission-delays. These results arenot restricted to electronic systems, as signal transmission, processing andfeedback delays are common to networks of spatially distributed and coupledautonomous oscillators.

How clock heterogeneity affects synchronization and can enhance stability