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To defeat security threats such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks,Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 4.2 and 5.x introduce the Secure Connections Onlymode, under which a BLE device accepts only secure paring protocols includingPasskey Entry and Numeric Comparison from an initiator, e.g., an Androidmobile. However, the BLE specification does not explicitly require the SecureConnection Only mode of the initiator. Taking the Android's BLE programmingframework for example, we found that it cannot enforce secure pairing,invalidating the security protection provided by the Secure Connection Onlymode. The same problem applies to Apple iOS too.  Specifically, we examine the life cycle of a BLE pairing process in Androidand identify four severe design flaws. These design flaws can be exploited byattackers to perform downgrading attacks, forcing the BLE pairing protocols torun in the insecure mode without the users' awareness. To validate ourfindings, we selected and tested 18 popular BLE commercial products and ourexperimental results proved that downgrading attacks and MITM attacks were allpossible to these products. All 3501 BLE apps from Androzoo are also subject tothese attacks. For defense, we have designed and implemented a prototype of theSecure Connection Only mode on Android 8 through the Android Open SourceProject (AOSP). We have reported the identified BLE pairing vulnerabilities toBluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Google, Apple, Texas Instruments (TI)and all of them are actively addressing this issue. Google rated the reportedsecurity flaw a High Severity.

On the (In)security of Bluetooth Low Energy One-Way Secure Connections Only Mode