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It has been noted anecdotally and through a small number of formal studiesthat ambient lighting conditions and dynamic real-world backgrounds affect theusability of optical see-through augmented reality (AR) displays; especially soin outdoor environments. Our previous work examined these effects using paintedposters as representative real-world backgrounds. In this paper, we present astudy that employs an experimental testbed that allows AR graphics to beoverlaid onto real-world backgrounds as well as painted posters. Our resultsindicate that color blending effects of physical materials as backgrounds arenearly the same as their corresponding poster backgrounds, even though thecolors of each pair are only a metameric match. More importantly, our resultssuggest that given the current capabilities of optical see-through head-mounteddisplays (oHMDs), the implications are, at a minimum, a reduced color gamutavailable to user interface (UI) designers. In worse cases, there are unknownor unexpected color interactions that no UI or system designers can plan for;significantly crippling the usability of the UI or altering the semanticinterpretation of graphical elements. Further, our results support the conceptof an adaptive AR system which can dynamically alter the color of UI elementsbased on predicted background color interactions. These interactions can bestudied and predicted through methods such as those presented in this work.

Color Blending in Outdoor Optical See-through AR: The Effect of Real-world Backgrounds on User Interface Color