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Application of sufficiently strong electric fields to insulators inducesfinite currents and then the insulators become metallic. This phenomenon iscalled dielectric breakdown and known as a fundamental nonequilibrium andnonlinear transport phenomenon in solids. Here, we study the dielectricbreakdown of generic strongly correlated insulators in one dimension. Combiningbosonization techniques with a theory of quantum tunneling, we develop aneffective field-theoretical description of dielectric breakdown with anon-Hermitian sine-Gordon theory. Then, we derive an analytic formula of thethreshold field which is a many-body generalization of the Landau-Zenerformula. Importantly, we point out that the threshold field contains apreviously overlooked factor originating from charges of elementaryexcitations, which should be significant when a system has fractionalizedexcitations. We apply our results to integrable lattice models and confirm thatour formula is valid in a broad range including the weak coupling regime,indicating its wide and potential applicability. Our results unveil universalaspects in nonlinear and nonequilibrium transport phenomena for variousstrongly correlated insulators.

Dielectric breakdown of strongly correlated insulators in one dimension: Universal formula from non-Hermitian sine-Gordon theory