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Cooperative behaviour constitutes a key aspect of both human society andnon-human animal systems, but explaining how cooperation evolves represents amajor scientific challenge. It is now well established that social networkstructure plays a central role for the viability of cooperation. However, notmuch is known about the importance of the positions of cooperators in thenetworks for the evolution of cooperation. Here, we investigate how cooperationis affected by correlations between cooperativeness and individual socialconnectedness. Using simulation models, we find that the effect of correlationbetween cooperativeness and connectedness (degree) depends on the socialnetwork structure, with positive effect in standard scale-free networks and noeffect in standard Poisson networks. Furthermore, when degree assortativity isincreased such that individuals cluster with others of similar socialconnectedness, we find that bridge areas between social clusters can act asbarriers to the spread of defection, leading to strong enhancement ofcooperation in particular in Poisson networks. But this effect is sensitive tothe presence of Trojan horses (defectors placed within cooperator clusters).The study provides new knowledge about the conditions under which cooperationmay evolve and persist, and the results are also relevant to consider in regardto human cooperation experiments.

Connected cooperators and Trojan horses: How correlations between cooperativeness and social connectedness affect the evolution of cooperation