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We address three major questions in astronomy, namely the detection ofbiosignatures on habitable exoplanets, the geophysics of exoplanets andcosmology. To achieve this goal, two requirements are needed. First a verylarge aperture to detect spectro-polarimetric and spatial features of faintobjects such as exoplanets, and second a continuous monitoring to characterizethe temporal behavior of exoplanets such as rotation period, meteorology andseasons. An Earth-based telescope is not suited for continuous monitoring andthe atmosphere limits the ultimate angular resolution andspectro-polarimetrical domain. Moreover, a space telescope in orbit is limitedin aperture, to perhaps 15 m over the next several decades. This is why wepropose an OWL-class lunar telescope with a 50-100 m aperture for visible andinfrared (IR) astronomy, based on ESO's Overwhelmingly Large Telescope concept,unachievable on Earth for technical issues such as wind stress that are notrelevant for a lunar platform. It will be installed near the south pole of theMoon to allow continuous target monitoring. The low gravity of the Moon willfacilitate its building and manoeuvring, compared to Earth-based telescopes. Asa guaranteed by-product, such a large lunar telescope will allow IntensityInterferometric measurements when coupled with large Earth-based telescopes,leading to pico-second angular resolution.

OWL-MOON : Very high resolution spectro-imaging and Earth-Moon interferometry: exoplanets to cosmology