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Recently, with the introduction of JPEG phase-aware steganalysis features,e.g., GFR, the design of JPEG steganographic distortion cost function turns tomaintain not only the statistical undetectability in DCT domain but also inspatial domain. To tackle this issue, this paper presents a novel paradigm forthe design of JPEG steganographic distortion cost function, which calculatesthe distortion cost via a generalized Distortion Cost Domain Transformation(DCDT) function. The proposed function comprises the decompressed pixel blockembedding changes and their corresponding embedding distortion costs for unitchange, where the pixel embedding distortion costs are represented in a moregeneral exponential model, aiming to flexibly allocate the embedding data. Inthis way, the JPEG steganography could be formulated as the optimizationproblem of minimizing the overall distortion cost in its decompressed spatialdomain, which is equivalent to maximizing its statistical undetectabilityagainst JPEG phase-aware steganalysis features. Experimental results show thatthe proposed DCDT equipped with HiLL (a spatial steganographic distortion costfunction) is superior to other state-of-the-art JPEG steganographic schemes,e.g., UERD, J-UNIWARD, and GUED in resisting the detection of JPEG phase-awarefeature-based steganalyzers GFR and SCA-GFR, and rivals BET-HiLL with one orderof magnitude lower computational complexity, along with the possibility ofbeing further improved by considering the mutually dependent embeddinginteractions. In addition, the proposed DCDT is also verified to be effectivefor different image databases and quality factors.

New Design Paradigm of Distortion Cost Function for Efficient JPEG Steganography