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Giant spin Hall effect (GSHE) has been observed in heavy metal materials suchas Ta, Pt, and W, where spins are polarized in the surface plane andperpendicular to the charge current direction. Spins generated in thesematerials have successfully switched magnets with in-plane magnetic anisotropy(IMA) and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) through spin orbit torque(SOT) mechanism. It is generally accepted that PMA magnets are preferred overIMA magnets in data storage applications owing to their large thermal stabilityeven at ultra scaled dimensions. However, SOT switching of PMA magnets byconventional GSHE materials requires either a small external magnetic field, alocal dipolar field, or introducing tilted anisotropy to break the symmetrywith respect to the magnetization. To deterministically switch a PMA withoutany additional assistance, nonconventional GSHE materials that can generatespins with polarization perpendicular to the surfaces are needed. Severalmonolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been predicted togenerate such out of plane spins due to their 2D nature and unique bandstructures. Interestingly, opposite spins are locked to their respectivesub-band in each K valley of the TMD valence band with substantially largeenergy splitting, which enables polarized spins to be accessible throughelectrical gating and spatially separated by electric field through the valleyHall effect (VHE). Therefore, spatial separation and accumulation of spins inthese 2D TMDs are uniquely referred to as coupled valley and spin Hall effect.Here, we report an experiment of electrical generation of spin current with outof plane polarization in monolayer WSe2 and detection of spin signals through anonlocal spin valve structure built on a lateral graphene spin diffusionchannel that partially overlaps with WSe2.

Experimental observation of coupled valley and spin Hall effect in p-doped WSe2 devices