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Non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies, being accessible in the same manneras DRAM, are considered indispensable for expanding main memory capacities.Intel Optane DCPMM is a long-awaited product that drastically increases mainmemory capacities. However, a substantial performance gap exists between DRAMand DCPMM. In our experiments, the read/write latencies of DCPMM were 400% and407% higher than those of DRAM, respectively. The read/write bandwidths were37% and 8% of those of DRAM. This performance gap in main memory presents a newchallenge to researchers; we need a new system software technology supportingemerging hybrid memory architecture. In this paper, we present RAMinate, ahypervisor-based virtualization mechanism for hybrid memory systems, and a keytechnology to address the performance gap in main memory systems. It providesgreat flexibility in memory management and maximizes the performance of virtualmachines (VMs) by dynamically optimizing memory mappings. Through experiments,we confirmed that even though a VM has only 1% of DRAM in its RAM, theperformance degradation of the VM was drastically alleviated by memory mappingoptimization. The elapsed time to finish the build of Linux Kernel in the VMwas 557 seconds, which was only 13% increase from the 100% DRAM case (i.e., 495seconds). When the optimization mechanism was disabled, the elapsed timeincreased to 624 seconds (i.e. 26% increase from the 100% DRAM case).

The Preliminary Evaluation of a Hypervisor-based Virtualization Mechanism for Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory Module