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The field of artificial intelligence (AI) represents an enormous endeavour ofhumankind that is currently transforming our societies down to their veryfoundations. Its task, building truly intelligent systems, is underpinned by avast array of subfields ranging from the development of new electroniccomponents to mathematical formulations of highly abstract and complexreasoning. This breadth of subfields renders it often difficult to understandhow they all fit together into a bigger picture and hides the multi-faceted,multi-layered conceptual structure that in a sense can be said to be what AItruly is. In this perspective we propose a system of five levels/layers ofabstraction that underpin many AI implementations. We further posit that eachlayer is subject to a complexity-performance trade-off whilst different layersare interlocked with one another in a control-complexity trade-off. Thisoverview provides a conceptual map that can help to identify how and whereinnovation should be targeted in order to achieve different levels offunctionality, assure them for safety, optimise performance under variousoperating constraints and map the opportunity space for social and economicexploitation.

A system of different layers of abstraction for artificial intelligence