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The spin-polarized surface states in topological insulators offer uniquetransport characteristics which make them distinguishable from trivialconductors. Due to the topological protection, these states are gapless overthe whole surface of the material. Here, we detect the surface states in thetopological insulator BiSbTeSe$_{2}$ by electrical means using a non-localtransport configuration. We unambiguously probe the spin-momentum locking ofthe topologically protected surface states by spin-sensitive electricalread-out using ferromagnetic Co/Al$_2$O$_3$ electrodes. We show that thenon-local measurement allows to probe the surface currents flowing along thewhole surface, i.e. from the top along the side to the bottom surface and backto the top surface along the opposite side. This is in contrast to localtransport configurations where only the surface states of the one face being incontact to the electrodes can be measured. Our results furthermore exclude thecontribution of the bulk to the non-local transport at low temperatures.Increasing the temperature, on the other hand, increases the interactionbetween bulk and surface states, which shortens the non-local current pathalong the surface and hence leads to a complete disappearance of the non-localsignal at around 20 K. All this demonstrates that the non-local signal at lowtemperatures is solely due to the topologically protected surface states.

Non-local electrical detection of spin-momentum-locked surface currents in the 3D topological insulator BiSbTeSe$_{2}$