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We numerically and experimentally investigate evaporation of a sessiledroplet on a heated substrate. We develop a finite element (FE) model intwo-dimensional axisymmetric coordinates to solve coupled transport of heat inthe droplet and substrate, and of the mass of liquid vapor in surroundingambient while assuming diffusion-limited, quasi-steady evaporation of thedroplet. The two-way coupling is implemented using an iterative scheme andunder-relaxation is used to ensure numerical stability. The FE model isvalidated against the published spatial profile of the evaporation mass fluxand temperature of the liquid-gas interface. We discuss cases in which thetwo-way coupling is significantly accurate than the one-way coupling. Inexperiments, we visualized side view of an evaporating microliter water dropletusing a high-speed camera at different substrate temperatures and recordedtemperature of the liquid-gas interface from the top using an infrared camera.We examine the dependency of inversion of the temperature profile across theliquid-gas interface on the ratio of the substrate thickness to the wettedradius, the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the substrate to that of thedroplet and contact angle. A comparison of measured evaporation mass rate withthe computed values at different substrate temperature show that theevaporation mass rate increases non-linearly with respect to the substratetemperature, and FE model predicts these values close to the experimental data.Comparisons of time-averaged evaporation mass rate obtained by the previous andpresent models against the measurements suggest that the evaporative cooling atthe interface and variation of diffusion coefficient with temperature should betaken into account in the model in order to accurately capture themeasurements.

A Combined Computational and Experimental Investigation on Evaporation of a Sessile Water Droplet on a Heated Hydrophilic Substrate