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Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peernetwork and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public,immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. Assmart contracts may hold Ether worth of several million dollars, they areattractive targets for attackers and indeed some contracts have successfullybeen exploited in the recent past, resulting in tremendous financial losses.The correctness of smart contracts is thus of utmost importance. While firstapproaches on formal verification exist, they demand users to be well-versed informal methods which are alien to many developers and are only able to analyzeindividual contracts, without considering their execution environment, i.e.,calls to external contracts, sequences of transaction, and values from theactual blockchain storage. In this paper, we present Annotary, a concolicexecution framework to analyze smart contracts for vulnerabilities, supportedby annotations which developers write directly in the Solidity source code. Incontrast to existing work, Annotary supports analysis of inter-transactional,inter-contract control flows and combines symbolic execution of EVM bytecodewith a resolution of concrete values from the public Ethereum blockchain. Whilethe analysis of Annotary tends to weight precision higher than soundness, weanalyze inter-transactional call chains to eliminate false positives fromunreachable states that traditional symbolic execution would not be able tohandle. We present the annotation and analysis concepts of Annotary, explainits implementation on top of the Laser symbolic virtual machine, anddemonstrate its usage as a plugin for the Sublime Text editor.

Annotary: A Concolic Execution System for Developing Secure Smart Contracts