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Linear super-resolution microscopy via synthesis aperture approach permitsfast acquisition because of its wide-field implementations, however, it hasbeen limited in resolution because a missing spatial-frequency band occurs whentrying to use a shift magnitude surpassing the cutoff frequency of thedetection system beyond a factor of two, which causes ghosting to appear. Here,we propose a method of chip-based 3D nanoscopy through large and tunablespatial-frequency-shift effect, capable of covering full extent of thespatial-frequency component within a wide passband. The missing ofspatial-frequency can be effectively solved by developing aspatial-frequency-shift actively tuning approach through wave vectormanipulation and operation of optical modes propagating along multipleazimuthal directions on a waveguide chip to interfere. In addition, the methodincludes a chip-based sectioning capability, which is enabled by saturatedabsorption of fluorophores. By introducing ultra-large propagation effectiverefractive index, nanoscale resolution is possible, without sacrificing thetemporal resolution and the field-of-view. Imaging on GaP waveguide materialdemonstrates a lateral resolution of lamda/10, which is 5.4 folds above Abbediffraction limit, and an axial resolution of lamda/19 using 0.9 NA detectionobjective. Simulation with an assumed propagation effective refractive index of10 demonstrates a lateral resolution of lamda/22, in which the huge gap betweenthe directly shifted and the zero-order components is completely filled toensure the deep-subwavelength resolvability. It means that, a fast wide-field3D deep-subdiffraction visualization could be realized using a standardmicroscope by adding a mass-producible and cost-effectivespatial-frequency-shift illumination chip.

Wide-field 3D nanoscopy on chip through large and tunable spatial-frequency-shift effect