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A millimeter-wave survey over half the sky, that spans frequencies in therange of 30 to 350 GHz, and that is both an order of magnitude deeper and ofhigher-resolution than currently funded surveys would yield an enormous gain inunderstanding of both fundamental physics and astrophysics. By providing such adeep, high-resolution millimeter-wave survey (about 0.5 uK-arcmin noise and 15arcsecond resolution at 150 GHz), CMB-HD will enable major advances. It willallow 1) the use of gravitational lensing of the primordial microwavebackground to map the distribution of matter on small scales (k~10/hMpc), whichprobes dark matter particle properties. It will also allow 2) measurements ofthe thermal and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects on small scales to map thegas density and gas pressure profiles of halos over a wide field, which probesgalaxy evolution and cluster astrophysics. In addition, CMB-HD would allow usto cross critical thresholds in fundamental physics: 3) ruling out or detectingany new, light (< 0.1eV), thermal particles, which could potentially be thedark matter, and 4) testing a wide class of multi-field models that couldexplain an epoch of inflation in the early Universe. Such a survey would also5) monitor the transient sky by mapping the full observing region every fewdays, which opens a new window on gamma-ray bursts, novae, fast radio bursts,and variable active galactic nuclei. Moreover, CMB-HD would 6) provide a censusof planets, dwarf planets, and asteroids in the outer Solar System, and 7)enable the detection of exo-Oort clouds around other solar systems, sheddinglight on planet formation. CMB-HD will deliver this survey in 5 years ofobserving half the sky, using two new 30-meter-class off-axis cross-Dragonetelescopes to be located at Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert. The telescopeswill field about 2.4 million detectors (600,000 pixels) in total.

CMB-HD: An Ultra-Deep, High-Resolution Millimeter-Wave Survey Over Half the Sky