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Nearly all types of energy systems (such as power systems, natural gas supplysystems, fuel supply systems, and so forth) are going through a majortransition from centralised, top-down structures to distributed, clean energyapproaches in order to address the concerns regarding climate change, airquality, depletion of natural resources, and energy security, whilst alsoenabling the supply of energy to communities in line with the goals ofsustainable development. Accordingly, the establishment of the concept ofsustainable, decentralised, multi-carrier energy systems, together with thedeclining costs of renewable energy technologies, has proposed changes in theenergy industry towards the development of integrated energy systems.Notwithstanding the potential benefits, the optimal capacity planning of thesesystems with multiple energy carriers (such as electricity, heat, hydrogen, andbiogas) is exceedingly complex due to the concurrent goals and interrelatedconstraints that must be satisfied, as well as the heavily context-dependentnature of such schemes. This paper puts forward an innovative optimal capacityplanning method for a cutting-edge, stand-alone multiple energy carriermicro-grid (MECM) serving the electricity, hot water, and transportation fueldemands of remote communities. The proposed MECM system is equipped with windturbines, a hydrogen sub-system (including an electrolyser, a hydrogenreservoir, and a fuel cell), a hybrid super-capacitor/battery energy storagesystem, a hot water storage tank, a heat exchanger, an inline electric heater,a hydrogen refuelling station, and some power converters. A numerical casestudy for the optimal capacity planning of the suggested MECM configuration, tobe realised on Stewart Island, New Zealand, is presented to evaluate theeffectiveness of the proposed optimisation method.

A Reliability-Oriented Cost Optimisation Method for Capacity Planning of a Multi-Carrier Micro-Grid: A Case Study of Stewart Island, New Zealand