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This paper introduces a family of leaderless Byzantine fault toleranceprotocols, built around a metastable mechanism via network subsampling. Theseprotocols provide a strong probabilistic safety guarantee in the presence ofByzantine adversaries while their concurrent and leaderless nature enables themto achieve high throughput and scalability. Unlike blockchains that rely onproof-of-work, they are quiescent and green. Unlike traditional consensusprotocols where one or more nodes typically process linear bits in the numberof total nodes per decision, no node processes more than logarithmic bits. Itdoes not require accurate knowledge of all participants and exposes newpossible tradeoffs and improvements in safety and liveness for buildingconsensus protocols.  The paper describes the Snow protocol family, analyzes its guarantees, anddescribes how it can be used to construct the core of an internet-scaleelectronic payment system called Avalanche, which is evaluated in a large scaledeployment. Experiments demonstrate that the system can achieve high throughput(3400 tps), provide low confirmation latency (1.35 sec), and scale wellcompared to existing systems that deliver similar functionality. For ourimplementation and setup, the bottleneck of the system is in transactionverification.

Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability