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The synthesis of energy systems is a two-stage optimization problem wheredesign decisions have to be implemented here-and-now (first stage), while forthe operation of installed components, we can wait-and-see (second stage). Toidentify a sustainable design, we need to account for both economical andenvironmental criteria leading to multi-objective optimization problems.However, multi-objective optimization leads not to one optimal design but tomultiple Pareto-efficient design options in general. Thus, the decision makerusually has to decide manually which design should finally be implemented.  In this paper, we propose the flexible here-and-now decision (flex-hand)approach for automatic identification of one single design for multi-objectiveoptimization. The approach minimizes the distance of the Pareto front based onone fixed design to the Pareto front allowing multiple designs. Uncertaintyregarding parameters of future operations can be easily included through arobust extension of the flex-hand approach.  Results of a real-world case study show that the obtained design is highlyflexible to adapt operation to the considered objective functions. Thus, thedesign provides an energy system with the ability to adapt to a changing focusin decision criteria, e. g., due to changing political aims.

Flexible here-and-now decisions for two-stage multi-objective optimization: Method and application to energy system design selection