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In this study, we investigate the extent to which patent citations to paperscan serve as early signs for predicting delayed recognized knowledge in scienceusing a comparative study with a control group, i.e., instant recognitionpapers. We identify the two opposite groups of papers by the Bcp measure, aparameter-free index for identifying papers which were recognized with delay.We provide a macro (Science/Nature papers dataset) and micro (a case chosenfrom the dataset) evidence on paper-patent citation linkages as early signs forpredicting delayed recognized knowledge in science. It appears that papers withdelayed recognition show a stronger and longer technical impact than instantrecognition papers. We provide indication that in the more recent years paperswith delayed recognition are awakened more often and earlier by a patent ratherthan by a scientific paper (also called "prince"). We also found that patentcitations seem to play an important role to avoid instant recognition papers tolevel off or to become a so called "flash in the pan", i.e., instantrecognition. It also appears that the sleeping beauties may firstly encounternegative citations and then patent citations and finally get widely recognized.In contrast to the two focused fields (biology and chemistry) for instantrecognition papers, delayed recognition papers are rather evenly distributed inbiology, chemistry, psychology, geology, materials science, and physics. Wediscovered several pairs of "science sleeping"-"technology [...]. We propose infurther research to discover the potential ahead of time and transformativeresearch by using citation delay analysis, patent & NPL analysis, and citationcontext analysis.

Paper-Patent Citation Linkages as Early Signs for Predicting Delayed Recognized Knowledge: Macro and Micro Evidence