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As a follow-up tutorial article of [29], in this paper, we will introduce thebasic compositional units of the human brain, which will further illustrate thecell-level bio-structure of the brain. On average, the human brain containsabout 100 billion neurons and many more neuroglia which serve to support andprotect the neurons. Each neuron may be connected to up to 10,000 otherneurons, passing signals to each other via as many as 1,000 trillion synapses.In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to passan electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effectorcell. Such signals will be accumulated as the membrane potential of theneurons, and it will trigger and pass the signal pulse (i.e., action potential)to other neurons when the membrane potential is greater than a preciselydefined threshold voltage. To be more specific, in this paper, we will talkabout the neurons, synapses and the action potential concepts in detail. Manyof the materials used in this paper are from wikipedia and several otherneuroscience introductory articles, which will be properly cited in this paper.This is the second of the three tutorial articles about the brain (the othertwo are [29] and [28]). The readers are suggested to read the previous tutorialarticle [29] to get more background information about the brain structure andfunctions prior to reading this paper.

Basic Neural Units of the Brain: Neurons, Synapses and Action Potential