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We demonstrate the ability to create electron beams with high-contrast,nanometer-scale density modulations as a first step toward developing fullcontrol of the phase fronts of an x-ray free-electron laser. The nanopatternedelectron beams are produced by diffracting electrons through thinsingle-crystal silicon membranes that are lithographically patterned todifferent thicknesses. For transform-limited x-ray production the desiredpattern is a series of regularly spaced lines (i.e. a grating) that generateuniformly spaced nanobunches of electrons, however nearly any pattern can beetched in the silicon, such as frequency-chirps or multiple patterns ofdifferent colors or line spacings. When these patterns are transferred from thespatial to the temporal dimension by accelerator electromagnetic optics theywill control the phase fronts of coherent x-rays, giving unprecedenteddeterministic control over the phase of ultrashort x-ray pulses. In short, thismethod allows the time-structure for a fully coherent x-ray beam to begenerated from a pattern written on a semiconductor wafer by lithography.

Nanopatterned electron beams for temporal coherence and deterministic phase control of x-ray free-electron lasers